Omega-3 fatty acids—especially DHA and EPA—are widely known for their benefits in heart and brain health. But new research reveals they may also play a vital role in protecting lung function and supporting immune health, particularly in the face of illnesses like COVID-19.
Omega-3s and Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
A recent study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology explored the impact of omega-3 DHA on lung health. Specifically, it examined whether higher omega-3 levels might reduce the risk of interstitial lung disease (ILD)—a group of conditions that cause progressive lung scarring, making it difficult to breathe.
What the Study Found
Dr. Bill Harris and his team analyzed data from over 10,000 participants across three major studies (MESA, FHS, and AGES). They tracked blood levels of DHA and their correlation with ILD-related hospitalizations and deaths over 12 years.
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Higher DHA levels were linked to fewer hospitalizations and lower death rates from ILD.
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CT scans also showed fewer interstitial lung abnormalities in those with higher omega-3 levels.
“After adjusting for other risk factors, low DHA levels were still associated with increased risk of ILD and worse outcomes,” said Dr. Harris.
These findings underscore the protective power of omega-3s against inflammation-related lung diseases, especially relevant during the COVID-19 era.
The Link Between Omega-3s and Asthma
Another study, published in Nutrients, explored the relationship between the Omega-3 Index and asthma management.
Key Findings:
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Adults with asthma and higher Omega-3 Index scores (8% or more) had better asthma control.
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They also required lower doses of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).
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This suggests omega-3s may act as a natural, anti-inflammatory aid in asthma treatment.
Researchers emphasized the role of diet in asthma severity. A Mediterranean diet, rich in omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, appears protective, while the Western diet may worsen symptoms.
Omega-3s and the Cytokine Storm: A COVID-19 Concern
During severe viral infections like COVID-19, the immune system can go into overdrive, triggering a dangerous condition called a cytokine storm.
What Are Cytokine Storms?
This is when the immune system attacks not just the virus but also the body’s own tissues. It’s been linked to complications and deaths in COVID-19 patients.
According to a paper in Frontiers in Physiology:
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EPA and DHA may help regulate immune response, preventing an exaggerated inflammatory reaction.
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Supplementation with omega-3s is seen as a supportive and preventive strategy for such conditions.
How Omega-3s Tame Inflammation and Promote Healing
Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators (SPMs)
Omega-3s do more than prevent inflammation—they help resolve it. This happens through compounds called SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators), which help the body recover from immune responses.
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Low omega-3 levels = fewer SPMs = slower healing and prolonged inflammation
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A 2018 study found that those who took 900–3400 mg/day of EPA and DHA produced more SPMs after an inflammatory challenge
This shows omega-3s are essential not just for calming inflammation, but also for facilitating full recovery.
Omega-3s in ARDS and Severe Respiratory Illness
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most severe outcomes of respiratory infections like COVID-19. It often requires mechanical ventilation.
A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials found:
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Omega-3s in enteral (tube-feeding) diets improved oxygen levels (PaO2-to-FiO2 ratio)
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Possible shorter ICU stays and reduced need for ventilation
This suggests omega-3s could be a valuable adjunct in critical care nutrition.
Expert Recommendations: Omega-3s for Immune Health
In response to the pandemic, top nutrition and immunology experts recommend:
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Daily omega-3 intake of at least 250 mg EPA + DHA
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Aim for an Omega-3 Index of 8–12% for optimal immune support
Other nutrients like vitamins A, C, D, E, and trace minerals (zinc, selenium) also support immunity, but EPA and DHA uniquely modulate inflammation and promote recovery.
Final Thoughts: Omega-3s as a Lung and Immune Health Ally
From reducing asthma symptoms to protecting against lung scarring, and even helping manage the cytokine storm, omega-3s are emerging as powerful allies for respiratory and immune health.
Whether you're looking to improve general wellness or support your body during respiratory infections, increasing your omega-3 intake through diet or supplements can be a smart, evidence-based move.
